Internationalization Of Accounting Standards For Consolidation - Japan :: essays research papers fc

Internationalization of Accounting Standards for Consolidation - Japan A CaseStudyThe purpose of this paper will be to examine problems with internationalizationof accounting standards for consolidations on methods from an internationalperspective - specifically, in the US and Japan. This is an especially timelytopic as standardization of financial markets is a prerequisite to internationalfree trade. Given the trends toward greater globalization, the motivations ofcompanies for seeking a uniform accounting outline are knock-down(prenominal). If companies haveto prepare their accounts according to some(prenominal) different sets of rules, in orderto communicate with investors in the various capital markets in which theyoperate or for other national purposes, they incur a sizable cost penaltyand feel that m peerlessy is wasted. This significantly limits global opportunitiesfor multinational businesses. Thus, it is important to understand what thedifferences are between accounting standards, why they exist, and what problemsthey pose.It is worth noting that no one nation has a set of accounting rules whichappears to have such clear merits that they deserve adoption by the whole world.No one earth can claim to have a uniquely correct set of rules. The UnitedStates has the longest history of standard setting. It has the largest standardsetting organization which is characterized by high standards of professionalism.But, even the rules of the United States exhibit compromises between differentinterests of a kind which could have reasonably been decided otherwise.Furthermore, no unanimity exists among U.S. accountants about the merits of the tiny details of the compromises that have been struck. For example, therecent discussion memorandum on consolidation outlines three different methodswhich are GAAP in the US (Beckman, 1995). No one nation has a clear right, onthe basis of existing achievements, to be regarded as predominant in accounting.A great deal more subject is needed by accountants from different countries beforewe can reach the point of having a well founded basis for uniformity.People who study differences among systems of accounting rules are inclined togroup countries into two categories. On the one hand, there are countries wherebusiness finance is provided more by loans than by equity capital, whereaccounting rules are prevail by taxation considerations and where legalsystems customarily incorporate codes with detailed rules for matters such asaccounting. The effect of taxation systems can be particularly pervasive. Often,the taxation system effectively offers tax breaks for businesses by allowinggenerous measurement of expenses and modest measurement of revenues on conditionthat these measurements are used for general reporting purposes. Companies havestrong incentives to take advantage of these taxation concessions as real cash

Humans are a Cancer of the Earth Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Arg

Humans are a Cancer of the world Earth has undeniably suffered a rapid deterioration in health over the past few centuries. The symptoms of her illness, including global warming, water pollution, and deforestation, are ever-increasing and cannot be ignored. Dr. William Hern believes he has observe the culprit behind this malady Homo ecophagus, a newly-coined label for the present day humans that are devouring the environment in cancer-like fashion (Dr. William Hern, p. 8). His diagnosing involves drawing parallels between a malignant neoplasm and humans. My immediate reaction after reading this thesis was to reject a proposal that so subvert the human race and exacted such a harsh blow to every humans ego. Upon further consideration, however, Herns reasoning becomes less blatantly offensive and more plausible. Although his argument and its correlating implications insure some contradictions, his overall points appear regrettably compelling and difficult to refute.By medical defin ition, a malignant neoplasm is diagnosed on the basis of four main(prenominal) qualities unrestrained growth, consumption of surrounding tissues, spreading to satellite regions and de-differentiation of cells. According to Dr. Hern, the human population reflects each of these characteristics in some way. He anchors his argument by systematically linking each of these four cancer indicators to the effect of humans on their environment. A summary of his points include the following 1) Unrestrained GrowthOver the past devil thousand years, the entire human population has displayed J-shaped growth, a model that demonstrates no leveling of growth rate in the proximate future (Southwick, 159). Through estimates of countrified and energy resource cons... ...ntels argument against the invincibility of the tech fix is thus more persuasive than Herns perspective on the matter. This weakness in Herns argument, however, does not tweak his argument of its validity. The value of Herns thesi s lies in its capacity to clarify an otherwise vague concept - the scope of human damage to Earth - to the identifiable wasteful properties of cancer. If nothing else, such a stinging view of human beings serves as a sharp warning, a red flag to call our attention to our mischievous methods. REFERENCESHern, Dr. Warren. Why Are There So Many of Us? http//www.drhern.com/fulltext/why/paper.htmlSouthwick, Charles H., Ch. 15 from Global Ecology in Human Perspective Oxford Univ. Press, 1996, pp. 159-182.Pimentel, David. Impact of commonwealth Growth on Food Supplies and Environment. http//www.dieoff.org/page57.htm

Subversive Power of the Theater Revealed in Hamlet an Othello :: The Tragedy of Hamlet Essays

Subversive Power of the Theater Revealed in Hamlet and Othello Theatrical performance is bouncy not only to the presentation of Hamlet and Othello, but it is vital to each of the looks respective stories. Several key characters control, manipulate, or script a theatrical performance of their own. with subtle suggestion and explicit or unsaid storytelling, Shakespeares use of theatrical performance within his own plays underscores the subversive power of the theater. It is no secret that Shakespeare embeds within many of his plays subtle suggestions which were subversive to the thoughts and attitudes at the time. Through the construction of the play within a play, Hamlet subverts the notion of kingship. In the play, without even speaking himself, Hamlet constructs a particular version of reality so chilling that Claudius leaves the theater. While this is obviously due to the startling similarity that Claudius sees between the play and his own life, the subtle idea implied is th e idea that royalty can be simplified to nothing more than acting. If the roles of the king and queen can be played so well that Claudius leaves the room, seeing the striking similarity between the play and his life, then there is no reason why kingship itself cannot be acted. This subversively delegitimizes the power of the throne. Moreover, it is only in the scenes related to the mousetrap that Hamlet shows signs of leadership. He says to the players, Follow him, friends. Well come upon a play tomorrow . . . You could for a need / study a speech of some dozen or sixteen lines / which I would set take in and insert int, could you / not? (Shakespeare II.2546-553). He is directing the action, asking the ability of the players and telling them exactly what they should do. The fact that Hamlet, the man who would be king, is a leader only in a performance subverts the idea of leadership being something firmly ingrained within the soul of a human being. Instead, it is replaced with the notion that kingship is not something that can be passed down from generation to generation, but something that can be acted, as if it could be turned on and off at will. The nobles and leaders of a country, then, are not inherently born with power because of their familial origin, but they have the same basis of human experience as the common man, an idea which wouldve been utterly jilted in Shakespeares time.

Declaration of Independence Essay -- U.S. History

Childrens voice shouting in parades, spinning noise-makers, giant flags of red, white, and blue gesticulate in every corner of the street, fireworks light up the night sky, friends and family gathering around with big smile on their faces it is not somebodys natal day nor it is an ordinary day. It is a true festival, a countrys birthday. The Fourth of July marks the anniversary of the glorious day in 1776 when America, as a unsanded nation declared to the world its independence from monarchs. Because of the importance of this day, thus, the firmness of emancipation can be considered as one of the most influential documents in American History. Not only that, other organizations and countries have also adopted its manner and tones for their own documents or declarations, such as Declaration of the Rights of Man from France or the Declaration of Sentiments from the Womens Right movement.After the Congress ratified the text on July Fourth, the Declaration of Independence had been is sued in several forms. It was originally published as a printed broadside that was generally distributed and read to the public. Nevertheless, although the wording was approved on the Fourth of July, most historians have concluded that it was signed almost a month afterwards after its adoption, not on July Fourth as is commonly believed . The Declaration not only justified the independence of the United States of America by itemization colonial complaints against King George III, but it also asserted certain and legal rights, including the right of evolution. Nonetheless, after the American Revolution, the original purpose of the text was ignored. Since then, the Declaration of Independence can only be viewed as a major statement on human rights. Yet, the ques... ...he Declaration of Independence an interpretation and an analysis (New York, The Macmillan Company, 1904), 67 Pauline Maier, American Scripture Making the Declaration of Independence (New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1998), 41 Brian Boyd, Origin of Stories Evolution, Cognition and Fiction (Massachusetts, Belknap of Harvard UP, 2010), 21 Henry Stephens Randall, The life of Thomas Jefferson, Volume 1 (New York Derby & Jackson, 1858), 165 Carl L. Becker, The Declaration of independence a study in the history of political ideas (New York Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1922), 4 Merrill Jensen, The Founding of a Nation A History of the American Revolution 1763-1776 (New York Oxford University Press, 1968), 7001 John E. Ferling, Setting the World Ablaze Washington, Adams, Jefferson, and the American Revolution (New York Oxford University Press, 2000), 13137

The Influences Of Rational Thought On Western Civilization :: Philosophy Ration

The classics notion of rational thought is a very strong reason why westbound elegance has become so influential in the world today. During their time, the Greeks spurred an intellectual revolution. They questioned the meanings of life and began using their minds to expand the world. According to Glenn Blackburn In many ways, they discovered the charitable mind through their philosophy and rational thought . . . (64). Their opening of the mind influenced all ways of life and society. Major ideas blossomed like politics, governing laws, literature, art, history, and new inventions. scientific thinking was groundbreaking among Greek minds. Ideas of mathematics, astronomy, architecture, and anatomy engrossed the public. This revolution of rational thought dominated society and began a transition in Western Civilization because people began using reason to explain human and natural events, rather than the gods (Blackburn, 67). Even today, rational thought is used by all o f us and continues to influence society. The power of the modern mind has proved greater than any other Greek could have ever expected.The creation of rational thought began in the Greek city of Ionia. The citizens there were open to new ideas and influenced by traders from around the world. Laws were invented by these Ionians and written down to express the will of their society. The greatest and most recognized Ionian thinker was a man named Thales of Miletues. Considered one of the seven wises men of the day, Thales contemplated water and its connection with the universe. Blackburn remarks that Thales ideas marked an important change in western scientific thought (68). Thales in like manner used I statements when he philosophized marking for the first time in history a human used reason and the rational mind. Other philosophers surfaced in Ionia during this period creating the study of the cosmos, or universe. They also founded the study of past human affairs or histor y.This new idea of rational thought spread to the Greek capitol, Athens. Here politics and democracy exploded. Politicians and citizens were now able to debate issues and question justice. This form of independent thinking brought great pride and self-confidence to members of the Greek society. This allowed for gigantic successes for further philosophy, architecture, art, mathematics, anatomy, botany, literature, and creativity.Among the most famous of the Greek philosophers were Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.

The Influences Of Rational Thought On Western Civilization :: Philosophy Ration

The Greeks notion of perspicacious thought is a very slopped conclude why Western Civilization has become so influential in the world today. During their time, the Greeks spurred an intellectual revolution. They questioned the meanings of life and began using their minds to expand the world. According to Glenn Blackburn In many ways, they discovered the human mind through their philosophy and rational thought . . . (64). Their opening of the mind influenced all ways of life and society. Major ideas blossomed standardised politics, governing laws, literature, art, history, and new inventions. Scientific thinking was groundbreaking among Greek minds. Ideas of mathematics, astronomy, architecture, and anatomy engrossed the public. This revolution of rational thought dominated society and began a changeover in Western Civilization because people began using reason to explain human and natural events, rather than the gods (Blackburn, 67). Even today, rational thought is us ed by all of us and continues to influence society. The power of the modern mind has proved greater than any other Greek could have ever expected.The creation of rational thought began in the Greek city of Ionia. The citizens there were open to new ideas and influenced by traders from around the world. Laws were invented by these Ionians and written down to express the will of their society. The sterling(prenominal) and most recognized Ionian thinker was a man named Thales of Miletues. Considered one of the seven wises men of the day, Thales contemplated water and its connection with the universe. Blackburn remarks that Thales ideas marked an important change in western sandwich scientific thought (68). Thales also used I statements when he philosophized marking for the first time in history a human used reason and the rational mind. Other philosophers surfaced in Ionia during this period creating the study of the cosmos, or universe. They also founded the study of past h uman affairs or history.This new idea of rational thought spread to the Greek capitol, Athens. Here politics and democracy exploded. Politicians and citizens were now able to debate issues and question justice. This form of independent thinking brought great disdain and self-confidence to members of the Greek society. This allowed for huge successes for further philosophy, architecture, art, mathematics, anatomy, botany, literature, and creativity.Among the most famous of the Greek philosophers were Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.

Decision making software Essay

The term ambivalency refers to the concept of uncertainty or fluctuation, especially when caused by softness to key out a woof or by the simultaneous desire to say or do cardinal opposite or conflicting things. This press out of ambivalence small-armifests itself throughout peoples eitherday lives. The choices and decisions one make ups, whether it be small or large, causes a sense of uncertainty within him/her. Through this uncertainty, a feeling of tension forms with ones sense of self. The tension is derived from the imminent choice one must conclude with.People may expect to make an ideal choice when one doesnt really exist. the problem with devising a choice for one option is that you have to give up every other possibility that is, you have to limit yourself to the one thing youve chosen and renounce all the others. (Burgo) There seems to be two things at the root of ambivalencethe choice and the fear of the choice. The quote stated above by Dr. Joseph Burgo elucida tes that the challenge of ambivalence is a matter of choice (people dont want to actually have to make).Humans, by nature, be selfish beings who crave and desire all the values they are subject to attain. In the character that one must choose between two very appealing options, that person is flooding with ambivalence. The person is so torn because he/she desires both options but sees that it is impossible to do so. Both choices are appealing but a decision must be made. Within the aspect of choice, thither is always the case of fear within one reservation the decision. We may be afraid of loss or regret if we choose badly, and/or we may fear the savagery of our own conscience if we make a mistake.(Burgo) A person becomes afraid of making a choice, especially if making a decision can negatively impact them. He/she also becomes fearful of losing the other option when choosing the other due to the fact that in most cases, once a decision is made it is finallythere is no going bac k. There is also the aspect that ones choices can affect another person or the opinion of that person making the choice. If one choices something, he/she may very well lose someone who does not agree with that choice. Ambivalence reflects an intense fear of the consequences involved in choosing. unrivalled example that can demonstrate these aspects of ambivalence is pregnancytrying to choose between life and abortion. On one end, a woman has the option of carefulness the vitiate, raising it, caring for and loving it, watching it grow old while ruining her reputation or have a living reminder of the experience (if the father is not in the picture or is a rapist). At the other end, she can kill the unborn fetus and kill any come up of that fetus having a life, but the woman can retain her life not have to take on the responsibility of caring for a child.The two choices she has both contain pros and cons. The woman mightiness become afraid of the choice she must make because if she chooses life, she will have to have the responsibility of taking care of a living being and people will judge her she also might fear she does not possess the resources to help maintain the life of the baby (money for food, diapers, bottles, etc. ). If the woman were to choose abortion, she might be fearful because she will being killing something human, something that is a part of her, something that is alive.She could be consumed in guilt because she might consider herself selfish and a murderer. The woman would also become afraid that she might lose some people who are important to her because of the peoples opinions she will lose people either way. The woman has become ambivalent on this subject and does not want to choose not because she wants both, but because she doesnt want the consequence of the choices she makes. Meyer 3 Another example that could elucidate this notion of ambivalence is the common subject of love.Often times, women and men become ambivalent when the ev ent of loving two people arises. For instance, a woman desires two men that are both appealing to her. It can be seen here that the woman does not wish to really choose between them, she wants them both. However, she realizes that this desire to possess both is unattainable. Further analyzing this situation, one could argue that the woman cannot truly love the first man because if she did, why did she fall for the second?Taking this concept into mind, one might say that the ambivalence does not lie with the woman not being able to choose between the men but with the woman not being able to choose what she likes most in the mens characteristics. Bringing in the fear of losing one of the men she loves, her ambivalence has escalated. Also, the fact of the matter is, the woman always want perfect consanguinitys She couldnt tolerate an authentic (and therefore imperfect) relationship with an actual man but wanted a perfect bond without frustration, conflict or disappointment (Burgo).Amb ivalence is a result of Humans desire for a plethora of things. The choice one must make when faced with two options creates in them a state of tension. People do not want to have to choose they want all the choices or none of the choice. However, they realize that a choice must be made. When subject to a choice that might negatively impact he/she, a sense of fear is apparent. The person becomes afraid of losing the option once making his or her decision as most decisions are permanent. Also, one might become fearful of losing someone who does not approve of the choice the person has made.

Critical study of how music uniquely expands our understanding of experience Essay

harmony has long existed in our society as a form of culture, entertainment and the like. In tear downt every civilization known to exist had had a extensive deal of benefits from unison. in that location are lots of wad who see music as no topic more than than plain entertainment however thither are those who holds in the claim that music gives us something more than entertainment per se. There are claims that music could ingrain us in a number of counsels. medicament has considerable effects on atomic number 53s mind, body and emotions.Music that are abundant in beats in a way could fuel singles body, music carried out with feelings could affect ones emotional status and could either make one cry with misery or laugh with joy, classical music could stimulate the mind, and so on and so forth. There are people who are greatly aware of the effects music could wrought on a person and this could greatly be seen on our everyday live ons. Movies, films, news, see the impor tance and know the effects music could boast on every individual and thus music is come upon parts in every movie make nowadays.Have you ever seen a movie that doesnt have an original sound track or a movie that did not make use of background music? perpetually seen a documentary and the like who did not use music in the background while portraying the videos or documents they have? Having seen some of the uses music could have it may now suffice to utter that music is indeed an big aspect in our lives and it plays fundamental role in todays society (as head as on societies which existed thousand of years ago).As was tell music is an essential part of every culture, of every society and thus it is of no surprise that music is seen as a part of our everyday routines. Music could have fundamental effects on ones emotion. Think of an instance wherein authentic music affected you emotionally. Say you comprehend a certain song and it evoke within you some sort of emotions like p ain, happiness and the like. I remember for an instance a conversation I have had with a friend of mine. He always loves to listen to the lyrics of Ever later of Bonnie Bailey and Come Around by Rhett Miller.He told me that he love auditory sense to Ever After because that used to be their theme song (of his ex girlfriend) and he loves singing Come around because he can relate to that particular song. therefore, seemingly music indeed has certain effects on our emotions. I even remember claiming that my friend is such(prenominal) a masochist because he loves listening to sad songs such as Come Around when he has a choice to do otherwise. Similarly music has certain ways of affecting ones mood. up to now it is not authentically known how do music affects a person physiologically and psychologically as well.Thus, a question may arise as to how do certain music affects a persons mood. In order to determine how music affects a persons mood one must primary know the root as to ho w music inspires a persons emotion. There are two contrasting viewpoints who tried to state this particular puzzle. These views are called emotivist and cognitivist. For an emotivist they believe in the notion that we feel certain emotions as a form of reply everytime we hear certain music. The cognitivist on the other hand believes otherwise.The cognitivists believes that there is more to globe than emotions and thus they believe that we get to decode certain musical emotions on a rational level, thus it shows that the cognitivists do not really believe that we really get to experience musical emotions. In order to see whether the beliefs of the emotivists are correct or not an try needs to be conducted in order to see if there are certain music models which could draw out coherent physiological reactions from different kinds of people.This sample is needed in order for us to see if we really do experience emotions when exposed to a particular music. It is in this regard that a national had been conducted by Krumhansl wherein two groups of student were used. These particular groups of students each par deplete different activities. The activity went as follow One group of 40 students dynamically rated the levels of sadness, fear, happiness, and emphasis in six sample pieces intended to evoke sadness, fear, or happiness. They did so by adjusting a slider on a computer while the music was playing.A separate group, consisting of 38 college students, was hooked up to physiological sensors monitoring a variety of cardiovascular, electrodermal, and respiratory responses which recorded their change over time. Both groups heard the six musical samples with a 90-second pause in betwixt each. The physiological measures taken from the second group were compared with the degree of sadness, fear, happiness, and tension reported by the first group. Both the physiological measures and emotional ratings were recorded as they changed during the course of the piece.The refore, correlations could be drawn between the intensity of certain emotions and physiological symptoms. (Boswell) The results shown by the experiment was in accordance to the side of the emotivists. Each of the musical selections was rated as having the intended emotion, and consistent physiological responses were found for each measured emotion sad music was jibe with a drop-offd heart rate, lowered finger temperature, increased blood pressure, and decreased skin conductance level happy music with faster and shallower breathing, and fear-invoking music with a slower pulse, faster breathing, and decreased finger temperature.These effects were consistent during the duration of the pieces. (Boswell) This is further proof that the emotivists position was indeed supported by the express experiment. The incident that there was a coherent physiological modification that was produced by the different music used in the said experiment were behavioral evidence affluent that those coll ege students indeed experienced certain emotions all throughout the time they were exposed to the music used. This result contradicted the claim that emotions could only be transmitted once a person gets to recognize a certain passage present within a particular music.Another study was made by Sloboda. Sloboda attempted to cite the exact musical composition which brings well-nigh definite visible emotional responses. Examples of the said responses are tears, trembling, and the like. The study made use of questionnaire which was dispersed to pentad cytosine British citizens. However, only eighty-three persons send back the survey. It is an important thing to know that those eighty-three persons who answered the survey were experts in damage of music, particularly classical music. The said survey had went on as followParticipants were instructed to indicate the frequency with which they experienced certain physical responses as an effect of music within the run short five years, as well as the piece of music and, if possible, the specific part of the piece or musical event that provoked it. In addition, they were asked to say whether the response was consistently evoked. (Boswell) A huge number of the partakers claimed that they were able to experience certain physical emotional responses such as mirth, trembling, tears, lump in their throats and the like for the last five years of their lives.However the survey showed that women are more prone to experiencing tears as compared to men. Men on the other hand, especially those already on their thirties, claimed that they experienced more laughter than compared to other age. Just as was the case on the experiment conducted by Krumhansl, the survey conducted by Sloboda also showed a great deal of consistency to each piece of music they were exposed to. This particular survey also showed the extent of the consistency in that the reactions remained consistent even though they have heard the certain musical piece for more than fifty times.A further point of inte simpleness is that there are particular dulcet constructions which showed to have consistent effects upon the partakers of the said survey. Appogiaturas for one were consistent in bringing tears into surface. The experiment also showed that a series of changes in terms of harmony incite trembling, whereas quickening brought about faster heart beats. However, if there is a certain drawback in the said study is the fact that it was conducted with the use of questionnaires.We could have no way of knowing if the person who answered it had answered truthfully or if s/he is merely bluffing. Thus, in a way we have no way of making sure that the partakers of the said survey indeed experienced the particular emotions and physical responses they reported they have experienced for the past five years. Another actor is the fact that those who participated in the survey were all expert on the field of music and thus we could not really deduct f rom this survey alone that the rest of the world would also act or feel the same way.However there are certain studies which had been conducted which show that very little difference exists between those who have musical expertise and those who have none. In addition, the records stated by the partakers of the said survey regarding their experiences of physical signs of emotions are not really unusual. Thus, in a way we could say that the study conducted by Sloboda also supported the position held by the emotivists. We should also take into account the fact that the physical responses reported by the survey partakers are in fact common in all human beings since we all share the same autonomic response system.However, we should also take note of the fact that our capability to utilize the said system in order for us to feel or experience certain emotions brought about by music is in a way, a learned border. This particular claim is supported by the fact that very young children do n ot really get to experience the said responses. Even those adults who have different kinds of music as compared to ours are not seeming capable to experience the said responses brought about by the music we listen into.Thus, Sloboda claimed that the connection between musical compositions and emotions is a learned process which is also dependent on ones culture. However, this does not necessitate that we do not really get to experience or fell certain emotions from listening to certain music. It only tells us that we may not be able to relate nor are we likely to experience certain emotions from listening to other music that are completely different from ours. Fact is, Sloboda even claimed that if we are to be exposed to music completely different from ours we could still get to relate to that music although it would take time.Therefore even though the link between musical compositions and emotions is a learned process, evidences and studies still show the stand held by the emotivi sts that we are indeed capable of feeling or experiencing certain emotions obviously by listening to a particular music. Thus those who participated in the studies conducted have steadily testified that they have indeed experienced true emotions when they listened to certain music. The researches conducted also accounted for the fact that very little difference in terms of recognizing emotions could be seen between those who have musical expertise and those who have none.Thus this accounted for the emotivists view that we could indeed experience certain emotions simply by listening to certain music, although it is still not clear what inclines us to be affected in certain ways. Research conducted claims that there is really no ground in saying that somewhere in our brains there could be located a region dedicated mainly to process musical data. In contrary, the errand of musical processing is extended to the whole region of our brains.Thus whereas the right brain is responsible for the emotions evoked while listening to music, the remaining brain is quite responsible for looking at music in a more rational ground thus it tends to critically examine music. There are even proofs which show that the primeval region within our mid brain is the one responsible for our emotions we experience while listening to music. Thus a primeval region within our midbrain engages itself with the task of realizing and appreciating music in an emotional way. However, the specific region wherein music is being developed (if ever there is one) is yet to be known.A study which involves this particular interest was conducted by Schmidt and Trainor. Schmidt and Trainor studied whether or not frontal brain electrical activity correlated with intensity and positivity or negativity, or valence, of emotion. The study showed that the left frontal brain is the one responsible for experiencing positive emotions whereas the right frontal brain is the one responsible for experiencing negative emotions. Thus, emotions such as happiness, interests and the like are product of the left frontal brain whereas emotions such as horror, revulsion, pain and the like were made by the right frontal brain.Therefore it would suffice for us to say that when listening to happy tunes our left frontal brain is likely to be triggered whereas listening to desolate songs would trigger our right frontal brain. It also follows that the intensity of music could affect the intensity of the frontal activity. The hypothesis stated above had already been confirmed. A careful selection of music which would likely draw out positive emotions triggered the left frontal brain whereas a careful selection of music which would likely draw negative emotions triggered the right frontal brain.Thus, the frontal activity of the brain increases every time the intensity of certain music also increases. Thus in a way this is also another proof which supports the emotivist view that listening to certain music coul d make a person experience certain emotions. Thus a similarity between music and language could be seen. Both language and music alike is inclined to be interpreted subconsciously. Thus, this seems to show that humans have a biological social organisation which enables music to draw emotions from each of us.And though this particular structure is yet to be known, researchers concluded that the said structure is not composed of a single area on the brain. On the contrary, researchers believe that such structure is made up of an interaction of the different systems which could be found within our brain. It is due to musics many uses that music is also deemed to have considerable effects on the field of medicine. There are certain accounts taken from the Bible, artifacts, as well as studies that show that music could have considerable effects on a persons health and well-being.In fact, there are historical inscriptions taken from Egypt, Greek, China and other known civilizations whic h praise musics ability in medical matters. Music is widely considered to have medical importance and it is in this regard that music even such a term such as music therapy. After World War II the United States of America even see to it that music therapy would be used on wounded soldiers who were tormented by physical as well as emotional traumas taken from the war. Physicians and nurses alike saw how music functioned alleviate some of the soldiers or veterans pain by merely prosecute themselves on musical activities.It is on this regard that hospitals started employing musicians to financial aid better their patients status. Music had been very championful in bettering the patients emotional as well as psychological status and as many people learned of these certain benefits derived from music, National Association for Musical Therapy came to existence. The need for musical therapy became wide paradigm to the point that the National Association for Musical Therapy or NAMT all ied themselves to other musical organizations which in turn resulted into the foundation of the American Music Therapy Association or AMTA.The ranges of music therapy vary widely in that it not only caters to emotional sickness since it also proved to be beneficial in sickness suffered downstairs physical injuries. Music therapy helped people in terms of their perceiving pains. There are a number of reasons why they consider music as an effectual promoter in limiting perceive pains. First, music could divert a persons mind from the pain at hand or from the pain a person perceives. Second, music could help in terms of giving a person some kind of control.Thirdly, music could help counter pain since it could help a person in releasing endorphins which are necessary in giving a person some sense of well-being. Fourth, slow music could help a person in terms of relaxation in that it slows a persons breathing. Take a person with leukemia for an example. Lets say Person A needs to unde rgo a certain surgery necessary to cure his leukemia. One should admit that surgical procedures are indeed shake and thus Person A could not help but be afraid of whats on store for him and thus Person As blood pressure continues to rise and this in turn has a crucial effect on Person As healing process.This particular thing could also heighten Person As awareness or perception of pain. Ones pain could not be measure by anyone and thus there is no standard in terms of the amount of pain a person could have. It is in this manner that music therapy comes into the picture. We have already enumerated the reasons why music therapy is considered beneficial in medicine and thus in this manner one could be lead to speculate that music therapy could indeed diminish ones pain perception because it could work in certain ways in order to lessen a persons perceived pain.Disturbance or diversion could help in certain ways in lessening ones sense perception and thus it could help moderate the pa in a person undergoes. This pain moderation could be redirected to the cognitive section which could be seen in the Gate-Control Theory of Pain. Pleasant music course applies or concentrates on a persons pleasant stimulus which in turn concerns the capability of the information processing system. Since the music would be particular attending to the pleasant stimulus of a person it naturally follows that the persons occupation would be diverted from the pain-causing stimulus.It is ion this regard that music is considered important in distracting a person because distraction presents a person with an escape by means of imagination which in turn is a crucial means in lessening stress, nervousness and fear which are important factors which constitutes pain. Thus enjoyable imagination could promote some sense of control to a person which could decrease a persons nervousness and feeling of being powerless. Thus since music helps transfer our attention away from painful experiences it pro vides us with a schema we could use when we undergo painful experiences, may it be physically or emotionally.

English as a global language Essay

Crystal begin side of meat as a Global Language by asking what means for a lyric poem to be global ,and what the advantages and disadvantages of having a global nomenclature. There is no official definition of global or gentlemans gentleman language, but it essentially refers to a language that is learned and spoken internationally, and is characterized not onlty by number of its native and second language speakers, but also by its geographical distribution, and its use in international organizations and in diplomatic relations. A global language acts as a lingua franca a common language that enables batch from diverse backgrounds and ethnicities to communicate on a more or less equitable basis. Why a language became a global language is because of the power of the people who speak it . Its nothing to do with the structure of the language its nothing about English grammar or vocabulary or pronunciation, your spelling, that makes English an appealing language at a global level.I n fact if we think about English spelling would put most people off, so its nothing to do with the structure of language, no its all to do with power. But power means different things to different times. English first became international because of Political Power, Military power the British Empire. It is not just political that takes a language around the world economy and different factors too. In sixteenth- seventeenth century we had the power of Science and technology, Industrial Revolution and English the language of science.But there was another important power in those times apart from science, technology and industry, it was the media, the media are the center of everyones life. English was the first language that been transmitted by radio in USA on Christmas EVE 1906. In the cinema industry, when sounds where add to the images in the late 1920s, it was the English language which suddenly came to dominate the movie word. The recorded industry was the other entertained indu stry which emerged 19 century all recording of pop music had English language origins.

The Count of Monte Cristo

Bon isolatede plot has been disc all overed, looker continued. PEG. 29 Edmond has been incriminate of a planning a Bonaparte plot. Since that is the case he volition not be exhalation home at all because this was a solid return. Chi. 6 Violator went to the fire, threw the letter into the fire, threw the letter into the flames, and remained watching it until it was lessen to ashes. PEG. 36 This is augur Edmonds different enemy because instead of sightting him free he is come break throughting rid of the evidence that might be up to(p) to set him free. Chi. 7 Dante got up and quite an naturally looked in the direction he boat was moving.Before him, at a distance of a hundred fathoms, rose the black, soak up rock on which stood the lower Chateau dif. PEG. 40 Edmond is realizing that he is heading to the most fe atomic number 18d pri tidings and that what he has been accused of is far beyond anything he has ever been apart of. Chi. 8 He was astonish at her dish aerial and dignity, and when she asked him what had become of him whom she loved he felt as though he were the culprit and she his Judge. PEG 45 Mercedes has such great beauty that it is making Violator regret sending Edmond away to his doom. Chi. Sire, Violator answered, l will give your majesty a tightlipped report.I pass water come to genus Paris with all speed to inform Your stateliness that, in the use of goods and services of my duties, I have discovered a conspiracy not one of those every day, meaningless, uncouth plots of the lower classes of our hatful, exclusively a veritable tempest which threatens Your Majesty very throne. PEG. 50 What Violator is reporting to the King is foreshadowing the fall of the Kings throne because he is reporting to him false accusations. Also those of which he is accusing ar innocent. Chi. 10 The King detached the cross of the Legion f Honor which he comm notwithstanding wore on his blue coat and giving it to Violator give tongue to In the mean while take this cross. PEG. 54-55 This shows that Violator has won over the trust of the King. The King is also realizing that he is firing to be taken over. Chi. 11 As for Dante, he remained a prisoner hidden away in the depths of his dungeon he was ignorant of the downfall of Louis Xviii throne and the re-establishment of cat sleep. PEG. 56 This quote has is screening how Edmond is so lost into the depths of prison that he has little hold of knowing what is going on and that if he ever besot out he will Have o idea of anything that has taken place.Chi. 12 well four yrs had passed since he had taken this resultant at the end of the second year he ceased to count the days. PEG. 60 Edmond had taken a resolution to eat up himself of starvation entirely he could not do it. This is foreshadowing that he will live through prison and escape or be let out. Chi. 13 Dante threw himself into the implements of war of his new genius, for whom he had waited so impatiently and so long, and draw him toward the window that the little light that penetrated into his cell might get around his features. PEG. 7 Edmond has not en anyone except the gallery and to diddle someone who has the same mark as him which is to escape from their wretched prison cells excites him and it gives him hope. Chi. 14 Now, my full sponsor, Farina continued, looking at Dante with an well-nigh paternal expression, you know as much as I do if we ever escape together half of my apprise is yours if I die hither and you escape alone the whole of it belongs to you. PEG. 90 Farina now trusts Edmond and has told him somewhat the treasure he wishes to obtain when he gets out of prison which he needs Edmonds help.Chi. 1 5 There is no hope, Farina replied, shaking his head. Oh, yes, yes exclaimed Dante, l control you I shall save you PEG. 93 Farina knows his death is coming by the fatal third polish and he is accepting it. Edmond does not lack the death of his friend who is to hel p him escape so he does not want to except that fact that thither is vigor he can do. Chi. 16 He had eaten nothing since the previous in timeing, but he had not thought of his lust in the mourning, neither did he think of it now.This quote shows that Edmond is very determined to carry out his escape plot that nothing is phasing him to even hunger. Chi. 17 They would have to find some indifferent ground where an exchange could be made, and then endeavor to polish the goods on the coast of France. PEG. 108 This is foreshadowing that Edmond is going to finally be able to step animal foot in the Isle of Monte Crisis and that he will be able to find hid treasure. Chi. 18 Edmond opened his eyes, complained of a dandy pain in his knee, a feeling of heaviness in his head, and unbearable pain in his backside.PEG. III Edmond has hurt himself in order to be able to be alone on the island to retrieve his treasure. Chi. 19 After he had touched, fingered, ride his wonky hands in the gold and precious stones, Edmond rose and hotfoot through the caves like a humanity seized with a frenzy. PEG. 116 Edmond has found the treasure he has been propensity for and he is now very exciting and cant wait for the send off to come back and get him. Chi. 20 He had quite expected to hear of his furthest death, but what had become of Mercedes? PEG. 19 This quote shows that Edmond has not totally lost his mind and that he is being rational about what has happened to his father and the women he wished to marry. Chi. 21 It is how I have said, replied Cadaverous. But, continued the priest, was the unhappy old man so completely forsaken by everyone that he died such a death? PEG. 122 This quote is inquisitive whether Edmonds father deserved such a death as starvation because the worst and vilest animals dont even get such a death. Chi. 22 The babe rose, and doubly paced around the room, pressing his trembling hand to his parched throat. And you remember he that he died of .. . Of hunger, monsieur, processed starvation, said Cadaverous. PEG. 126 This quote is implying that Edmonds father was so grief taken with(p) that he didnt want to eat and that he was sad that his son was gone. Chi. 23 The passage was doubtless made with a view to escape? Exactly, but alas for the prisoners, the babe was seized with an attack of epilepsy and died. PEG. 136 This is foreshadowing that Edmonds new ID might be compromised because it is known that he has escaped. Chi. 4 The Pharaoh is your give way hope, then? Absolutely the last. PEG. 142 This quote is showing how Morel vivification and honor is at stake because he is in a lot of debt and if the Pharaoh doesnt come back with the specie he needs he is going to kill himself. Chi. 25 muff are protected You are saved She threw herself into his arms, at the same time holding out to him a red silk purse. PEG. 153 Morel has been saved by Sinbad the Sailor by giving Morels daughter enough money to pay her dads debt in a purse. This also has saved him from killing himself.Chi. 26 mirror course is impossible, or to say the least very dangerous. Dangerous why? Because of the bandit, Lugging manufacture. PEG. 158 This is foreshadowing that they are going to meet up with the vile bandit Lugging Vamp. Chi. 27 Upon my word, I think our neighbor must be some stockbroker who has speculated on the falloff Spanish silver or else some rinse traveling incognito. PEG. 167 Albert and Franz are stirred up upon meeting the sum up and they know nothing about him so they are hard to write in code out what he does and who he is. Chi. 8 If my unknown be as amiable as she is beautiful, said Albert, l shall quench at capital of Italy for tallest sextet weeks. PEG. 176 Albert has an admirer and she has sent him a letter for which he is to meet her and if she has beauty he will stay in Rome for however long it takes. Chi. 29 What conditions have I forgotten, counting? inquired the bandit with the air of a man who, having committed an error, is noxious to repair it. PEG. 187 The Count has befriended Lugging Vamp by capturing him while Lugging was trying to capture him and he let him go in repossess that Lugging doesnt capture any of the Counts friends.Chi. 30 Monte Crisis passed Albert a piece of music of paper. Number thirty, Champs Ulysses, read Mercers. The schoolboyish men stared at one another. PEG. 206 They are amazed at the Count because where he lives is one of the most beautiful places passim Paris. Chi. 31 Monte Crisis was a worthy appreciator of all things Albert had collected here old cabinets, Japanese porcelain, Oriental tuffs, Venetian glass, weapons of all countries of the world everything was familiar to him, and he recognized at a glance their date and country of origin.PEG. 207 The Monte Crisis is amazing Albert by knowing about every piece that Albert has collect and the Count impresses him by his knowledge. Chi. 32 In that case, here is the card of my master , Baron Danglers, PEG. 214 This is foreshadowing how the Count is going to start his plot for revenge a furtherst Danglers. Chi. 33 My dappled greyness? cried out Madame Danglers, rushing to the window. swing those are mine indeed Danglers was astounded. PEG. 222 The Count has bought Mme Dandlers horses and he returns them to her to gain her trust.Chi. 34 Monte Crisis replied Hayden, we are in France, you know, so you are free PEG. 228 Now that the Count is in France his slave Hayden is free but she doesnt want to come forth him because she loves him this is foreshadowing a love between them. Chi. 35 The last words he round were Macmillan, it was Edmond Dante PEG. 235 This is foreshadowing that Macmillan is going to find out the Counts true identity because he knows it was Edmond who saved his father.The Count of Monte CristoBonaparte plot has been discovered, Violator continued. PEG. 29 Edmond has been accused of a planning a Bonaparte plot. Since that is the case he will no t be going home at all because this was a serious matter. Chi. 6 Violator went to the fire, threw the letter into the fire, threw the letter into the flames, and remained watching it until it was reduced to ashes. PEG. 36 This is foreshadowing Edmonds other enemy because instead of setting him free he is getting rid of the evidence that might be able to set him free. Chi. 7 Dante got up and quite naturally looked in the direction he boat was moving.Before him, at a distance of a hundred fathoms, rose the black, steep rock on which stood the frowning Chateau dif. PEG. 40 Edmond is realizing that he is heading to the most feared prison and that what he has been accused of is far beyond anything he has ever been apart of. Chi. 8 He was astonished at her beauty and dignity, and when she asked him what had become of him whom she loved he felt as though he were the culprit and she his Judge. PEG 45 Mercedes has such great beauty that it is making Violator regret sending Edmond away to hi s doom. Chi. Sire, Violator answered, l will give your majesty a faithful report.I have come to Paris with all speed to inform Your Majesty that, in the exercise of my duties, I have discovered a conspiracy not one of those every day, meaningless, vulgar plots of the lower classes of our people, but a veritable tempest which threatens Your Majesty very throne. PEG. 50 What Violator is reporting to the King is foreshadowing the fall of the Kings throne because he is reporting to him false accusations. Also those of which he is accusing are innocent. Chi. 10 The King detached the cross of the Legion f Honor which he usually wore on his blue coat and giving it to Violator said In the meantime take this cross. PEG. 54-55 This shows that Violator has won over the trust of the King. The King is also realizing that he is going to be taken over. Chi. 11 As for Dante, he remained a prisoner hidden away in the depths of his dungeon he was ignorant of the downfall of Louis Xviii throne and th e re-establishment of Napoleon. PEG. 56 This quote has is showing how Edmond is so lost into the depths of prison that he has little hope of knowing what is going on and that if he ever get out he will Have o idea of anything that has taken place.Chi. 12 Nearly four years had passed since he had taken this resolution at the end of the second year he ceased to count the days. PEG. 60 Edmond had taken a resolution to kill himself of starvation but he could not do it. This is foreshadowing that he will live through prison and escape or be let out. Chi. 13 Dante threw himself into the arms of his new friend, for whom he had waited so impatiently and so long, and drew him toward the window that the little light that penetrated into his cell might reveal his features. PEG. 7 Edmond has not en anyone except the gallery and to meet someone who has the same objective as him which is to escape from their wretched prison cells excites him and it gives him hope. Chi. 14 Now, my dear friend, Far ina continued, looking at Dante with an almost paternal expression, you know as much as I do if we ever escape together half of my treasure is yours if I die here and you escape alone the whole of it belongs to you. PEG. 90 Farina now trusts Edmond and has told him about the treasure he wishes to obtain when he gets out of prison which he needs Edmonds help.Chi. 1 5 There is no hope, Farina replied, shaking his head. Oh, yes, yes exclaimed Dante, l tell you I shall save you PEG. 93 Farina knows his death is coming by the fatal third attack and he is accepting it. Edmond does not want the death of his friend who is to help him escape so he does not want to except that fact that there is nothing he can do. Chi. 16 He had eaten nothing since the previous evening, but he had not thought of his hunger in the mourning, neither did he think of it now.This quote shows that Edmond is very determined to carry out his escape plot that nothing is phasing him to even hunger. Chi. 17 They woul d have to find some neutral ground where an exchange could be made, and then endeavor to land the goods on the coast of France. PEG. 108 This is foreshadowing that Edmond is going to finally be able to step foot in the Isle of Monte Crisis and that he will be able to find hid treasure. Chi. 18 Edmond opened his eyes, complained of a sharp pain in his knee, a feeling of heaviness in his head, and unbearable pain in his back.PEG. III Edmond has hurt himself in order to be able to be alone on the island to retrieve his treasure. Chi. 19 After he had touched, fingered, ride his trembling hands in the gold and precious stones, Edmond rose and rushed through the caves like a man seized with a frenzy. PEG. 116 Edmond has found the treasure he has been longing for and he is now very exciting and cant wait for the ship to come back and get him. Chi. 20 He had quite expected to hear of his farthest death, but what had become of Mercedes? PEG. 19 This quote shows that Edmond has not completely lost his mind and that he is being rational about what has happened to his father and the women he wished to marry. Chi. 21 It is how I have said, replied Cadaverous. But, continued the priest, was the unhappy old man so completely forsaken by everyone that he died such a death? PEG. 122 This quote is questioning whether Edmonds father deserved such a death as starvation because the worst and vilest animals dont even get such a death. Chi. 22 The babe rose, and twice paced around the room, pressing his trembling hand to his parched throat. And you believe he that he died of .. . Of hunger, monsieur, pure starvation, said Cadaverous. PEG. 126 This quote is implying that Edmonds father was so grief stricken that he didnt want to eat and that he was sad that his son was gone. Chi. 23 The passage was doubtless made with a view to escape? Exactly, but unfortunately for the prisoners, the babe was seized with an attack of epilepsy and died. PEG. 136 This is foreshadowing that Edmonds new ID might be compromised because it is known that he has escaped. Chi. 4 The Pharaoh is your last hope, then? Absolutely the last. PEG. 142 This quote is showing how Morel life and honor is at stake because he is in a lot of debt and if the Pharaoh doesnt come back with the money he needs he is going to kill himself. Chi. 25 muff are saved You are saved She threw herself into his arms, at the same time holding out to him a red silk purse. PEG. 153 Morel has been saved by Sinbad the Sailor by giving Morels daughter enough money to pay her dads debt in a purse. This also has saved him from killing himself.Chi. 26 mirror itinerary is impossible, or to say the least very dangerous. Dangerous Why? Because of the bandit, Lugging Vamp. PEG. 158 This is foreshadowing that they are going to meet up with the vile bandit Lugging Vamp. Chi. 27 Upon my word, I think our neighbor must be some stockbroker who has speculated on the falloff Spanish funds or else some rinse traveling incogni to. PEG. 167 Albert and Franz are excited upon meeting the Count and they know nothing about him so they are trying to figure out what he does and who he is. Chi. 8 If my unknown be as amiable as she is beautiful, said Albert, l shall stay at Rome for tallest six weeks. PEG. 176 Albert has an admirer and she has sent him a letter for which he is to meet her and if she has beauty he will stay in Rome for however long it takes. Chi. 29 What conditions have I forgotten, Count? inquired the bandit with the air of a man who, having committed an error, is noxious to repair it. PEG. 187 The Count has befriended Lugging Vamp by capturing him while Lugging was trying to capture him and he let him go in return that Lugging doesnt capture any of the Counts friends.Chi. 30 Monte Crisis passed Albert a piece of paper. Number thirty, Champs Ulysses, read Mercers. The young men stared at one another. PEG. 206 They are amazed at the Count because where he lives is one of the most beautiful place s throughout Paris. Chi. 31 Monte Crisis was a worthy appreciator of all things Albert had collected here old cabinets, Japanese porcelain, Oriental tuffs, Venetian glass, weapons of all countries of the world everything was familiar to him, and he recognized at a glance their date and country of origin.PEG. 207 The Monte Crisis is amazing Albert by knowing about every piece that Albert has collect and the Count impresses him by his knowledge. Chi. 32 In that case, here is the card of my master, Baron Danglers, PEG. 214 This is foreshadowing how the Count is going to start his plot for revenge against Danglers. Chi. 33 My dappled grey? cried out Madame Danglers, rushing to the window. Miss those are mine indeed Danglers was astounded. PEG. 222 The Count has bought Mme Dandlers horses and he returns them to her to gain her trust.Chi. 34 Monte Crisis replied Hayden, we are in France, you know, so you are free PEG. 228 Now that the Count is in France his slave Hayden is free but she doesnt want to leave him because she loves him this is foreshadowing a love between them. Chi. 35 The last words he spoke were Macmillan, it was Edmond Dante PEG. 235 This is foreshadowing that Macmillan is going to find out the Counts true identity because he knows it was Edmond who saved his father.The Count of Monte CristoTo seek vengeance is to inflict injury, harm, and humiliation, on a person by another who has been harmed by that person. In the mental picture The Count of Monte Cristo, Edmond seeks revenge on Fernand Mondego for many reasons. All of which were justified because of the horrible treatment Edmond received while he was in prison. Not only did that make Edmond angry, but also when he found out the Fernand Mondego had married his wife to be only 1 month after being locked away. existence that they were friends once before made it that much harder for Edmond to believe everything that Fernand had done to him behind his back. There were lots of lies, betrayal, and false hoods as to why Edmond was even sent to prison. throughout the whole depiction everyone was told that he was dead. Edmonds approach to become revengeful toward Fernand might be criticized because many believe that vengeance has no justification no matter how the other person has harmed you. If society is not going to retaliate against a crime on your behalf it is not okay to take matters into your own hands.Most people would say that it would all depend on the situation, but I think that there is no situation that is so severe to where there would be justification for those actions. The Golden Rule states to do unto others as you would have them do to you. If you are treated pervertfully it does not give you the right to turn around and do the same or worse back to them. Otherwise the cycle will keep going in a circle and people will get hurt and they will get nowhere in life with that thought process.Before someone seeks vengeance they need to think about the utilitarianis m conjecture which states that everyone should coif that act or follow that moral rule which will bring about the greatest good for everybody. Paying someone back for a wrong doing that they did to you is not moral or ethical at all under any circumstances. Stating that revenge and retributive have similarities would be a true statement. visit is the exact punishment or amends for a wrong on behalf of, especially in a resentful or vindictive spirit.Whereas retributive theory states that punishment should be given only when it is deserved and only to the extent that it is deserved, is concerned with the past rather than the future. It is also stated that punishment should be compel by some person or group that has duty constituted moral or legal authority. Both are a form of punishment, but retributive is a type of punishment that has to be imposed by a legal authority. Revenge is an act of punishment but not by a legal authority.It is imposed on a person who has wrong someone el se whether it was intentional or not. Overall revenge is a highly debated question that everyone has their own opinions on. It is something that is frowned upon in many circumstances. Hurting someone because they have mistreated you is not the answer. The statement an eye for an eye and tooth for and a tooth for a tooth could be an native when murder is the circumstance. To each his own opinion, but I think that no matter the circumstance there is never justification for revenge.The Count of Monte CristoThe movie The Count of Monte Cristo took place in France in the nineteenth century around 1814 on the islands of Elba, Chateau dIf and Monte Cristo. This was during the time after the fall of Napoleons empire. The Count of Monte Cristo tells a story of betrayal, ultimate revenge, and undying love. Edmond Dantes, a sailor who was falsely accused of treason by his best friend was sentenced to prison where he plots his revenge against those who betrayed him.Armond Mondego the friend w ho out of jealousy plotted against Edmond to win the beautiful Mercedes and fortune was later destroyed by the revenge and hate of Edmond who became known as The Count of Monte Cristo. The string that Mercedes ties around her finger represents that she is bound to Edmond by undying love forever. The transformation that Edmond made in meet The Count of Monte Cristo was the beginning to Edmond taking his life back He became bold, dark and vengeful.Throughout the movie chess pieces are referred to as places of stature. Napoleon refers to kings and pawns as emperors and fools. When Edmond gains the position of captain of the Pharron ship Armond tells Edmond victories are kings of the moment. Armond hands Edmond a King as he is being arrested as a symbol to remind him of give away days. In prison this chess piece is used as a reminder to Edmond of how he was betrayed and his life stripped from him. This later is returned to Mondago as his life fall apart because of the revenge from E dmond.The Count of Monte CristoBonaparte plot has been discovered, Violator continued. PEG. 29 Edmond has been accused of a planning a Bonaparte plot. Since that is the case he will not be going home at all because this was a serious matter. Chi. 6 Violator went to the fire, threw the letter into the fire, threw the letter into the flames, and remained watching it until it was reduced to ashes. PEG. 36 This is foreshadowing Edmonds other enemy because instead of setting him free he is getting rid of the evidence that might be able to set him free. Chi. 7 Dante got up and quite naturally looked in the direction he boat was moving.Before him, at a distance of a hundred fathoms, rose the black, steep rock on which stood the frowning Chateau dif. PEG. 40 Edmond is realizing that he is heading to the most feared prison and that what he has been accused of is far beyond anything he has ever been apart of. Chi. 8 He was astonished at her beauty and dignity, and when she asked him what had become of him whom she loved he felt as though he were the culprit and she his Judge. PEG 45 Mercedes has such great beauty that it is making Violator regret sending Edmond away to his doom. Chi. Sire, Violator answered, l will give your majesty a faithful report.I have come to Paris with all speed to inform Your Majesty that, in the exercise of my duties, I have discovered a conspiracy not one of those every day, meaningless, vulgar plots of the lower classes of our people, but a veritable tempest which threatens Your Majesty very throne. PEG. 50 What Violator is reporting to the King is foreshadowing the fall of the Kings throne because he is reporting to him false accusations. Also those of which he is accusing are innocent. Chi. 10 The King detached the cross of the Legion f Honor which he usually wore on his blue coat and giving it to Violator said In the meantime take this cross. PEG. 54-55 This shows that Violator has won over the trust of the King. The King is also realizin g that he is going to be taken over. Chi. 11 As for Dante, he remained a prisoner hidden away in the depths of his dungeon he was ignorant of the downfall of Louis Xviii throne and the re-establishment of Napoleon. PEG. 56 This quote has is showing how Edmond is so lost into the depths of prison that he has little hope of knowing what is going on and that if he ever get out he will Have o idea of anything that has taken place.Chi. 12 Nearly four years had passed since he had taken this resolution at the end of the second year he ceased to count the days. PEG. 60 Edmond had taken a resolution to kill himself of starvation but he could not do it. This is foreshadowing that he will live through prison and escape or be let out. Chi. 13 Dante threw himself into the arms of his new friend, for whom he had waited so impatiently and so long, and drew him toward the window that the little light that penetrated into his cell might reveal his features. PEG. 7 Edmond has not en anyone except th e gallery and to meet someone who has the same objective as him which is to escape from their wretched prison cells excites him and it gives him hope. Chi. 14 Now, my dear friend, Farina continued, looking at Dante with an almost paternal expression, you know as much as I do if we ever escape together half of my treasure is yours if I die here and you escape alone the whole of it belongs to you. PEG. 90 Farina now trusts Edmond and has told him about the treasure he wishes to obtain when he gets out of prison which he needs Edmonds help.Chi. 1 5 There is no hope, Farina replied, shaking his head. Oh, yes, yes exclaimed Dante, l tell you I shall save you PEG. 93 Farina knows his death is coming by the fatal third attack and he is accepting it. Edmond does not want the death of his friend who is to help him escape so he does not want to except that fact that there is nothing he can do. Chi. 16 He had eaten nothing since the previous evening, but he had not thought of his hunger in the mourning, neither did he think of it now.This quote shows that Edmond is very determined to carry out his escape plot that nothing is phasing him to even hunger. Chi. 17 They would have to find some neutral ground where an exchange could be made, and then endeavor to land the goods on the coast of France. PEG. 108 This is foreshadowing that Edmond is going to finally be able to step foot in the Isle of Monte Crisis and that he will be able to find hid treasure. Chi. 18 Edmond opened his eyes, complained of a sharp pain in his knee, a feeling of heaviness in his head, and unbearable pain in his back.PEG. III Edmond has hurt himself in order to be able to be alone on the island to retrieve his treasure. Chi. 19 After he had touched, fingered, ride his trembling hands in the gold and precious stones, Edmond rose and rushed through the caves like a man seized with a frenzy. PEG. 116 Edmond has found the treasure he has been longing for and he is now very exciting and cant wait for t he ship to come back and get him. Chi. 20 He had quite expected to hear of his farthest death, but what had become of Mercedes? PEG. 19 This quote shows that Edmond has not completely lost his mind and that he is being rational about what has happened to his father and the women he wished to marry. Chi. 21 It is how I have said, replied Cadaverous. But, continued the priest, was the unhappy old man so completely forsaken by everyone that he died such a death? PEG. 122 This quote is questioning whether Edmonds father deserved such a death as starvation because the worst and vilest animals dont even get such a death. Chi. 22 The babe rose, and twice paced around the room, pressing his trembling hand to his parched throat. And you believe he that he died of .. . Of hunger, monsieur, pure starvation, said Cadaverous. PEG. 126 This quote is implying that Edmonds father was so grief stricken that he didnt want to eat and that he was sad that his son was gone. Chi. 23 The passage was dou btless made with a view to escape? Exactly, but unfortunately for the prisoners, the babe was seized with an attack of epilepsy and died. PEG. 136 This is foreshadowing that Edmonds new ID might be compromised because it is known that he has escaped. Chi. 4 The Pharaoh is your last hope, then? Absolutely the last. PEG. 142 This quote is showing how Morel life and honor is at stake because he is in a lot of debt and if the Pharaoh doesnt come back with the money he needs he is going to kill himself. Chi. 25 muff are saved You are saved She threw herself into his arms, at the same time holding out to him a red silk purse. PEG. 153 Morel has been saved by Sinbad the Sailor by giving Morels daughter enough money to pay her dads debt in a purse. This also has saved him from killing himself.Chi. 26 mirror itinerary is impossible, or to say the least very dangerous. Dangerous Why? Because of the bandit, Lugging Vamp. PEG. 158 This is foreshadowing that they are going to meet up with the vile bandit Lugging Vamp. Chi. 27 Upon my word, I think our neighbor must be some stockbroker who has speculated on the falloff Spanish funds or else some rinse traveling incognito. PEG. 167 Albert and Franz are excited upon meeting the Count and they know nothing about him so they are trying to figure out what he does and who he is. Chi. 8 If my unknown be as amiable as she is beautiful, said Albert, l shall stay at Rome for tallest six weeks. PEG. 176 Albert has an admirer and she has sent him a letter for which he is to meet her and if she has beauty he will stay in Rome for however long it takes. Chi. 29 What conditions have I forgotten, Count? inquired the bandit with the air of a man who, having committed an error, is noxious to repair it. PEG. 187 The Count has befriended Lugging Vamp by capturing him while Lugging was trying to capture him and he let him go in return that Lugging doesnt capture any of the Counts friends.Chi. 30 Monte Crisis passed Albert a piece of p aper. Number thirty, Champs Ulysses, read Mercers. The young men stared at one another. PEG. 206 They are amazed at the Count because where he lives is one of the most beautiful places throughout Paris. Chi. 31 Monte Crisis was a worthy appreciator of all things Albert had collected here old cabinets, Japanese porcelain, Oriental tuffs, Venetian glass, weapons of all countries of the world everything was familiar to him, and he recognized at a glance their date and country of origin.PEG. 207 The Monte Crisis is amazing Albert by knowing about every piece that Albert has collect and the Count impresses him by his knowledge. Chi. 32 In that case, here is the card of my master, Baron Danglers, PEG. 214 This is foreshadowing how the Count is going to start his plot for revenge against Danglers. Chi. 33 My dappled grey? cried out Madame Danglers, rushing to the window. Miss those are mine indeed Danglers was astounded. PEG. 222 The Count has bought Mme Dandlers horses and he returns th em to her to gain her trust.Chi. 34 Monte Crisis replied Hayden, we are in France, you know, so you are free PEG. 228 Now that the Count is in France his slave Hayden is free but she doesnt want to leave him because she loves him this is foreshadowing a love between them. Chi. 35 The last words he spoke were Macmillan, it was Edmond Dante PEG. 235 This is foreshadowing that Macmillan is going to find out the Counts true identity because he knows it was Edmond who saved his father.

Unfair Public School Funding

Eryka English 102 Research Paper unexclusive School Funding Closing the Education Gap In the States we capture spent billions of dollars on normal aim documentation in hopes of educating the youth that will unmatchable day run the country. Without a solid theme for the next generation to succeed, America will non be able to offer to improve and move forward. still if the up tallying of our children is such an importance wherefore ar we non giving every public drill the right center of backing to succeed? Just as thither is an un peer opportunity in the work force it overly happens in the public school system.Schools that perform expose atomic number 18 given more than funding than schools that atomic number 18 non. Public school funding in America should non be determined by the academic proceeding of a school, only if should all receive the equal amount of funding. Although many Ameri back tooths would agree that the education of their children is a top p riority, not many of them would know how funding is distributed throughout the country. It is the general idea that pupils do pause in a well-funded school and that the public schools should all provide the like opportunity for every student to succeed.But if the belief is all public schools are the same consequently why are there private schools? And why do many parents decided to move and live in an area that as a great school system. There is no secret that some schools are better than others its the point in which how the schools are able to bewilder better than other public schools thats the occupation. Nearly fractional of the funding for public schools is provided from local taxes in the community the school is located in. Which means that funding for public schools varies across the country between the wealthy and poorer communities in America.At both the state and federal level there have been efforts to change the deficit the schools lack compared to others, but the idea has been taken negatively by the wealthy and powerful to choose how their school community functions. Others would argue that more funds given to the schools will not improve the education of students that individual success depends on the student and not the resources that are available to them. Such as Eric Hanushek, an academic reviewer wrote Detailed question spanning two decades and performance in many different educational settings provides strong onsistent evidence that expenditures are not systematically related to student achievement (Hanushek 49) This assign has been a factor to the driving force that money can only go so far in a students educational life. But it has also been contradicted by academic researchers of public school funding by Rob Greenwald, Larry Hedges, and Richard Laine wrote school resources are systematically related to student achievement and that those relations are large and educationally important. (Greenwald et al. 384) With such a controve rsial topic, which one should we believe?How can we possible know for sure more money given to schools is the best option to improve the education our students receive from the government? And why should we change the way wealthy community schools are run when they are already successful in their academic achievements? How large is the contrast in the amount of funding that each public school receives? Public school funding comes from federal state, and local sources, which nearly half of those funds are from local property taxes(National center for Education Statistics).Because of the local property taxes from the community this is where the uneven funding for public schools start that makes a difference from the wealthy and impoverished communities. For example in 1998, New Jersey had an annual funding rate per student of $8,801, opus Utah had a yearly rate of $3,804 per student(National Center for Education Statistics). Just from these numbers it shows that students from New J ersey where given twice the level of education than those students in Utah. While America funds its schools by the local wealth of the communities, we are the only country that does that.This type of funding system makes a huge difference in the tone of school building, faculty, equipment, class sizes, and technology resources for a students education. In other countries public schools are funded through state taxes and the communities. But what makes other countries educational system different than our own is each school gets the same amount of funding readed to run the school. As Robert Slavin a psychologist cogitate on community and education said the U. S. is the only nation to fund elementary and reciprocal ohmary education based on local wealth.Other developed countries any equalize funding or provide extra funding for individuals or groups felt to need it. In the Netherlands, for example, national funding is provided to all schools based on the number of pupils enrolled , but for every guilder allocated to a middle-class Dutch child, 1. 25 guilders are allocated for a lower-class child and 1. 9 guilders for a minority child, exactly the opposite of the situation in the U. S. where lower-class and minority children typically receive less than middle-class white children. Slavin 520) Poorer and minority students face more difficulties in their life as they are more prone to experience more difficulties in the family. But also these students are also forced to go to school at poorly funded schools. There is often commonly a language boundary that keeps many of the children from having a proper education in a school system. Teachers that are starting out in their educational career are sent to schools that are having a hard time developing their students into academic achievers.Schools in poorer communities are in need of more experienced teachers, but there is not enough money to recruit a quality teacher that has not already been recruited to teach at a high paying and more academically achieving job and environment. Teachers are a learning tool that athletic supporters the students get to where they can be successful in life. The quality of naturals that students have available to them impact the way they learn and also the pace they learn. With little funding students are left to work without dated technology and second hand books.The effect of outdated technology can be an intimidation for a student to not continue onto college. Many students feel as though schools did not prepare them for an institution that has technology far beyond than what they know how to use. On the other side of the argument, students are given their own choice to either achieve or fail in their education. In other words, success and failure results from individual effort and not a group interaction of the student by the community the student lives in. Even if less funded schools are given more money more than half of adults say that poverty is a personal problem (Smith).The community that the school was built into has already set the standard of the school. Depending on the community influences the child is more plausibly to follow into the footsteps of their parents. If the parents are mechanics and the child follows in their footsteps, does that make them a failure if the student does not go on to be a doctor or an over achiever? The effects of the community on a child can change the way education is viewed in the family and home. Daniel Patrick Moynihan, politico and sociologist, argues that minorities are disadvantaged because of the social traditions of the minority communities().Which means that students have the ability to learn but the social culture in their communities hinder them to take their education seriously unless their family does. This belief that students come from impoverished homes lack the support system to benefit from a quality education drives the idea that there is no need for more funding. Eve n though there are outrageous numbers that can be easily equaled out for all students. America has focused on the idea to invest in the students that have a more promising future in the long run. Why would we waste money that will become a gamble, and we will not know if the topic will be positive or not.The wealthy communities have been able to produce those students that have go along to succeed. The states believe that if they reward those schools that are producing results hence it will give the other schools incentive to achieve to retrieve more money for the state. But how can a school be able to climb its way to the top if its stuck in the bottom, working with the resources that it already has. The biggest survey done on the relationship of the amount of funding and the impact of students education was called The Coleman Report.The subject area was a study that randomly selected thousands of students from all over the nation and tried to connect the issue of money and edu cation. From the report it was linked that students home background and peer groups were a major part of achievement, but the quality of the school had little to no impact on their education. Which researchers wrote Schools bring little influence to near on a childs achievement that is independent of his background and general social context (Cain 325). Schools that are also well funded are able to get familiarized with the current technology that is popular in todays life.From the advantage of having the practice with technology has already put themselves ahead of others who have not gotten the chance to learn that kind of technology. Students who are not able to access technology are behind to those who have and will lack in their technology skills in college. Being updated with the latest technology helps students want to continue in into college to learn more new things. The quality of materials that students have available to them impact the way they learn and also the pace the y learn. With little funding students are left to work without dated technology and second hand books.The effect of outdated technology can be an intimidation for a student to not continue onto college. Many students feel as though schools did not prepare them for an institution that has technology far beyond than what they know how to use. Without confidence in the education that they have received, students are hesitant to ask for help and get the help that they need to succeed into a higher education level. If the materials the schools are using are outdated and not taken care of, then the students will also return the same respect to the books in the condition that they are in.Schools no longer become a place for opportunity, but a place where students are required to attend with old material, that will not get any better as the years go on. The quality of the materials the students are given the more respect and effort they will give to the course material. If American is able to provide the entire students with the equal opportunity to succeed then there would be more achievements in the nation, but also a higher achievement in the country. There needs to be more awareness of the effect that funding in public schools has on the students.Statistics in the nation vary from state to state, but with the same amount of material for each student. nigh Americans say they support equal funding for public schools, but they are not willing to take the necessary steps to improve and provide equal funding for all the schools across the country. Some reasons why wealthy people and communities do not to anything about unequal funding is because of not even admitting that there is a funding difference, to keep personal taxes low, and the thought that poverty is brought onto the person instead of trying to better themselves through their education.It is better to keep the money passing to the schools that continue to have academic success with their students. Studies indicate that the level of student advantage within the home or community matters a lot to the outcome of the students education. But also that funding will help the student be more educated and motivated to go onto college. Greater one on one time with a teacher will help the student learn more material. Two main aspects that have been tied to higher levels of student achievement stronger teacher qualifications, and smaller class sizes in the early grades.Getting the bases of an early education but also a quality education helps the student in the long run to adapt to the education system in a positive environment. The achievements of disadvantaged students in poorer communities are more likely to obtain Americas public school system because of two main reasons those students are more likely to attend poorly funded schools, and they are more likely to be hurt by lack of academic resources when there is not enough funding that the school needs.Legal and political efforts to improv e funding have not been very successful at the federal level, but a lot of activity has been present in the state courts and there is a realization to augment school funding. The future effects have increased in state funds for poorly-funded districts while leaving funding for rich, suburban districts up to the communities to continue with their educational support. We have concluded that well-funded schools are able to obtain higher educated teachers that continue to increase the school progression.In addition to better funded schools, schools are able to ignore the class sizes which will improve the students learning to be more focused and engaged in the classroom. Which is a huge advantage because a main problem in low funded schools, is that there is so many students in one room that a single teacher is not able to guarantee that that material is being understood from every student. Resources Cain, G. G. & Watts, H. W. (1970). Problems in making policy inferences from the Cole man Report. American Sociological Review, 35(2), 228-242.Hanushek, E. A. (1989). The impact of differential expenditures on school performance. Educational Researcher, 18(4), 45-65. Kluegel, J. R. & Smith, E. R. (1986). Beliefs about contrariety Americans view of what is and what ought to be. New York Aldine de Gruyter. Greenwald, R. , Hedges, L. V. , Laine, R. D. (1996). The effect of school resources on school achievement. Review of Educational Research, 66(3), 361-396. Moynihan, D. P. (Ed. ). (1969). On understanding poverty Perspectives from the social sciences.New York Basic Books. National Center for Education Statistics (2000a). Common core of data for school years 1993/94 through 1997/98 (a compact disk). Washington, DC Office of Educational Research and Improvement, U. S. incision of Education. National Center for Education Statistics (2000b). The condition of education 2000. Washington, DC Office of Educational Research and Improvement, U. S. Department of Education. Sl avin, R. E. (1999). How can funding equity ensure enhance achievement? Journal of Education

Theory of Cognitive Development and Children

Discuss the concept of constructivism (from Piagets theory of cognitive growth). Use a mix of theory and research to linchpin up your ideas about whether or not the child constructs his/her own training. The finding of how children discover the world around them has been a highly researched part of cognitive education in Psychology. Jean Piaget was one of the first researchers to develop a theory suggesting that children understand the world around them by actively seeking information from their environment, and unendingly expanding their knowledge by organizing, adapting and assimilating this information Berlin, (1992).Piagets theory known as constructivism theory, has undergone a high level of scrutiny, centring on the understanding of childrens cognitive abilities, and neglecting the apprehension of careance. Through analysing current research this paper aims to explore Piagets constructivism theory. Childrens development has been a topic of interest since the 1920s, fol lowing the creation of an intelligence test developed by Piaget and his colleagues where Piaget discovered that younger children made systematic mistakes from those of older age, consequently proposing that children change qualitatively with age, Bremner et al. (2012). Studying his own children Piaget formed the constructivism theory arguing that children built their knowledge through organization (children organize their information in schemas, assimilation (using pre- animated information) and adaptation and accommodation (adapting to the condition of the environment), by clear-cut for information from their environment to expand their understanding of the world, Beilin, H. (1992). Piaget proposed children take an active role in their cognitive development, and independently construct the world around them.He proposed that children face polar enigmas as they move through the stages, and it is the solving of these problems that teach them and assist them in learning and developi ng their thinking. The knowledge they receive from solving these actions are not imitated or innate, instead are actively constructed by the child. In this sense, Piaget suggests that thought is obtained from action, when actions are internalised, ones thinking increases. The child is influenced by their previous ideas and new implements, and based on this they construct new ideas.Piaget suggested that cognitive structuring, actions representing specific acts of intelligence, is developed and linked to stages of child development. Piaget proposed children undergo four developmental stages where cognitive structuring occurs. These stages are sensorimotor stage (from birth to two years of age), preoperational stage (from three to seven years of age), concrete operations stage (from eight to eleven years of age), and schematic operational stage (from twelve years of age until adulthood) Piaget, J. & Inhelder, B. (1969).In the first stage, sensorimotor which Piaget divided into six s ub-stages, intelligence is demonstrated through basic motor skills such as sucking to experimenting with international purposes by using schemas in order to legislate their goal. ). Piaget suggested that until the age of seven months (during their third sub-stage of sensory motor stage), childs do not understand that the world consists of aeonian quarrys. He argues that if at this stage you hide an object in front of the infant they show disap nousment or simply stop looking for the object as if the object disappeared.Not until infant reaches eight months (the fourth sub-stage of sensory motor stage), does the child start to look for hidden objects, which shows that at this stage infants start to understand object permanence, Piaget, J. & Inhelder, B. (1969). One of Piagets studies that received a great deal of attending is the A-not-B error study, which he explains that if an object is hidden in front of an infant (location A) at around eight months of age they would reach t oward the hidden object.However if the object is moved to a distinct location (location B) infants until twelve months of age would still reach for the first location. The failure to reach the correct location Piaget explains as egocentrism clamming that at this stage children fail to see the situation in a different point of view thinking that because the object was placed in the first location that that object would permanently be there, Piaget, J. & Inhelder, B. (1969). Testing Piagets A-not-B theory Kaufman and Needham (1999) tested 40 six and a half month infants.Using habituation technique they concluded that infants looked longer when the objects were moved. Contrary to Piagets findings, they suggested that infant special orientation development happens at much earlier age, arguing that Piaget underestimated infant ability. The second and third stage Piaget proposed are the preoperational and concrete stage at this stage children understand object permanence (that objects co ntinue to exist even though they cannot ee them) , spatial layouts and in addition the use of language for problem solving starts during the preoperational stage through constructing existing information and eventually expanding this information. However until the age of seven children still see the world from their egocentric view (i. e. refusing to see the world from a different point of view). At the concrete stage children are able to solve visual problems such as lining in order dolls from the tallest to the shortest, however they are not able to solve mental problems, Piaget, J. & Inhelder, B. 1969). The fourth and last stage that Piaget proposed is the formal stage. At this stage Piaget argues that children can think abstractly, consider possibilities and formulate hypothesis. Piagets formal operational stage has been criticised by researchers such as Kuhn et al. ,(1982) who discovered that although constructing knowledge seems to be sufficient for the sensory-motor and preo perational stage, it does not seem to be the same case with the concrete and formal operational stage since not all adults show formal operational thought.There have been numerous studies conducted which provide support for constructivism theory. Guthrie et al (2004) compared different instructional methods for students reading skills, these methods included a strategies instruction approach, and an approach combining strategies instruction and constructivist motivation techniques, such as incorporating student choices, collaboration, and active activities.The constructivist approach, called CORI (Concept-Oriented learning Instruction) produced a high student reading comprehension, motivation, and cognitive strategies (Guthrie et al, 2004). Similarly Jong Suk Kim (Kim, 2005) found that when students were taught using constructivist-teaching methods, they achieved higher levels in academia compared to using traditional teaching methods. Students also voiced preferring constructivis t methods over traditional ones.However, one of the biggest criticisms of Piagets theory has been the ignorance of social and cultural influences on child development. Contrary to Piaget, who believed that allowing children to experiment and express their own ideas enabled their formative processes to develop knowledge, Vygotskys (1962) sociocultural theory proposed that learning and development are derived collaboratively from socialisation and education. He argued that simple knowledge such as perception and attention are mental abilities are innate, and although children actively developed their thought rocesses through the environment, they could also, with assistance from others, reach a higher level/stage of cognitive development than the stage they are at when they perform alone. Vygotsky named this the zone of proximal development, the distance between the actual development of a child as contumacious by the independent problem solving, and the level of potential developme nt as determined through problem solving under adult guidance or in collaboration with more peers Vygotsky (1978) Vygotskys (1978, p. 56).Therefore, although his theory is similar to Piaget in that he believes cognitive development is restricted to a limited range at a certain age, he believes that with the aid of social interaction, for instance the help of a mentor, an individual/child can understand concepts and schemas that they would be unable to comprehend alone. In this sense it questions the extent to which children construct their own environment and developments as childrens knowledge may develop at a much swift rate through interaction and guidance of more experienced peers , such as older siblings, parent or teachers, Gauvain and Cole (1997).Evidence supporting Vygotksy can be seen in a study by Gauvain et al. , (1997). He found that if you test a group of nine year old pupils with a number of problem solving skills (at Piagets concrete operational stage) and test a gro up of twelve year old pupils (at Piagets formal operational stage), and not assist them, they would show the same level of intelligence, concluding that knowledge is not simply constructed through experience but also through techniques taught by others.Similarly, Mayer (2004) proposed that a new-fangled replication is research showing that students learn to become better at solving mathematics problems when they study worked-out examples rather than when they solely engage in hands-on problem, Mayer (2004, p. 18) Conclusion Piagets four-stage knowledge development theory is highly researched criteria within developmental Psychology. The use of constructing previously learnt information into new information through experience seems to be more effective at an early age. His theory seems to underestimate the childrens ability and knowledge however it overestimates adolescence ability.It also is unarguable that constructivism theory fails to include the social effects that have been s hown to play a crucial part in knowledge development. However it is not to say that Piagets constructivism theory should be discarded altogether, since Piaget was the pioneer in introducing clinical methods to explore childrens thoughts. This remains the fundamental theory used in child development research. Moreover, as mentioned above, Piagets constructivism theory is highly used in schools, guiding teachers in how to enable children to explore their own environment through expression and experimentation.In conclusion, knowledge development could be acquired through both construction of ones own experiences, and the help of more experienced peers. References 1. Beilin, H. (1992). Piagets enduring contribution to developmental psychology. Developmental Psychology, 28, 191-204. 2. Bremner A. et al. , (1986). Developmental Psychology. Developmental Psychology. 3. Bodner, Gg. M. (1986). Constructivism a theory of knowledge. ledger of Chemical Education, 63, 873-878. 4. Gauvain M. and Cole. M. (1997). Readings on the development of children. W. H.Freeman and Company. New York. 5. Guthrie et al. , (2004) Increasing reading comprehension and engagement through concept oriented reading instructions. Journal of educational psychology, 96 (3), 403-423. 6. Kaufman, J. and Needham, A. (1999) Objective spatial coding in 6. 5-month-old infants in a visual dishabituation task. Developmental science, 2(4), 432-441. 7. Kuhn et al. , (1982), Systematic and metasystematic debateA case for levels of reasoning beyond Piagets stage of formal operations. Developmental psychology, 53, 1058-1069. 8. Kim J. S. (2005).The effect of constructivist teaching approach on students academic achievements, self- concept and learning strategies. Asia Pacific and education review, 6 (1) 7-19. 9. Mayer (2004). Should there be a three-strikes rule against pure discovery learning? American Psychologist, 59 (1) 14-19. 10. Piaget, J. & Inhelder, B. (1969). The Psychology of the Child. NY Basic Bo oks. 11. Vygotsky L. S. (1962). Thought and Language. mamma The M. I. T. Press. 12. Vygotsky L. S. (1978). Interaction between learning and development. Mind and society, Cambridge Harvard university press.